{"id":7260,"date":"2006-08-28T08:13:00","date_gmt":"2006-08-28T08:13:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/melotopia.net\/b\/?p=7260"},"modified":"2006-08-28T08:13:00","modified_gmt":"2006-08-28T08:13:00","slug":"%ea%b2%8c%ec%9d%b4%ec%a7%80-%ec%9d%b4%eb%a1%a0","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/melotopia.net\/b\/?p=7260","title":{"rendered":"\uac8c\uc774\uc9c0 \uc774\ub860"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n \uc774\ubc88\uc5d4 \uac8c\uc774\uc9c0 \uc774\ub860\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c \uac04\ub7b5\ud55c \uc124\uba85\uc744 \uc801\uc5b4 \ubcf4\ub824\uace0 \ud55c\ub2e4. \uac8c\uc774\uc9c0Gauge\ub77c\ub294 \ub2e8\uc5b4\ub294 \ubb54\uac00 \uce21\uc815\uc744 \ud558\ub294 \ub3c4\uad6c\ub97c \ub9d0\ud558\ub294\ub370, \ubb3c\ub9ac\ud559\uc5d0\uc11c \ub9d0\ud558\ub294 \uac8c\uc774\uc9c0 \uc774\ub860(Gauge theory)\ub780 \uc804\ud600 \ub2e4\ub978 \ud5db\uc18c\ub9ac\ub97c \uc598\uae30\ud55c\ub2e4. \uc644\uc804 \ub2e4\ub974\ub2e4. \uc2ec\uc9c0\uc5b4 \ubb58 \uce21\uc815\ud558\uc9c0\ub3c4 \uc54a\uc73c\uba70 \uc22b\uc790\ub3c4 \uc544\ub2c8\uace0 \uce21\uc815\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uac83\ub3c4 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774 \uc774\uc57c\uae30\ub294 \uac8c\uc774\uc9c0 \ubcc0\ud658 Gauge Transformation\uc5d0\uc11c\ubd80\ud130 \uc2dc\uc791\ud55c\ub2e4…<\/p>\n

\uc804\uc790\uae30\ud559\uc744 \ucc98\uc74c\uc5d0 \uc2dc\uc791\ud560 \ub54c, \ub9e5\uc2a4\uc6f0\uc740 4\uac1c\uc758 \ubc29\uc815\uc2dd\uc744 \uc801\uc5b4\ub193\uace0\uc11c \uadf8\uac78 “\ub9e5\uc2a4\uc6f0 \ubc29\uc815\uc2dd”\uc774\ub77c\uba70 \uc790\uae30 \uc774\ub984\uc744 \ubd99\uc5ec\ub1a8\ub2e4. \uc544\ubb34\ud2bc \ub9e5\uc2a4\uc6f0 \ubc29\uc815\uc2dd\uc740 \uc218\ud559\uc801\uc73c\ub85c\ub294 2\uc885\ub958\uc758 \ubca1\ud130 \uc7a5\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c 4\uac1c\uc758 \ubbf8\ubd84 \ubc29\uc815\uc2dd\uc744 \uc81c\uacf5\ud55c\ub2e4. \ubb3c\ub860 \uc774 \ub9e5\uc2a4\uc6f0 \ubc29\uc815\uc2dd\uc744 \uc77c\ubc18\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ud574\uacb0\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uae4c\ub2e4\ub85c\uc6b4 \uc77c\uc774\uba70 \uacfc\ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 \uadf8\ub0e5 \uadf8\ub54c\uadf8\ub54c \ud574\uacb0\ud558\ub294 \ubc29\uc2dd\uc73c\ub85c \uc77c\uc744 \ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\uc790, \uc0dd\uac01\ud574 \ubcf4\uc790. \ubbf8\ubd84\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uac74 \ubcc0\ud654\uc728\uc744 \uacc4\uc0b0\ud558\ub294 \uac70\ub2c8\uae4c \ubbf8\ubd84\ud574\uc11c 0\uc774 \ub418\ub294 \uac83\ub4e4\uc740 \ubaa8\ub450 “\ubcc0\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294” \uac83\uc744 \ub73b\ud55c\ub2e4. \ub9e5\uc2a4\uc6f0 \ubc29\uc815\uc2dd\uc740 \ubaa8\ub450 \ubbf8\ubd84 \ubc29\uc815\uc2dd\uc774\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \ubbf8\ubd84\ud558\uae30 \uc774\uc804\uc5d0 \ud574\ub2f9\ud558\ub294 \uac83\ub4e4\uc5d0\ub294 \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 “\ubcc0\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294”, \uc989 “\ubbf8\ubd84\ud558\uba74 0\uc774 \ub418\ub294” \uac83\ub4e4\uc744 \ub354\ud574\ub3c4 \uc0c1\uad00\uc774 \uc5c6\ub2e4. \uc989, \ub9e5\uc2a4\uc6f0 \ubc29\uc815\uc2dd\uc774 \uc815\ud655\ud558\ub2e4\uba74 \ubbf8\ubd84\ud558\uae30 \uc774\uc804\uc758 \uac12\ub4e4\uc5d0 \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \uc5b4\ub5a4 “\ubbf8\ubd84\ud574\uc11c 0\uc774 \ub418\ub294” \ud56d\ub4e4\uc744 \ub354\ud558\ub354\ub77c\ub3c4 \ubb3c\ub9ac\ud559\uc758 \uc2e4\uc81c \ud604\uc0c1\uc774 \ubc14\ub00c\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc544\uc57c\ub9cc \ud55c\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uc774\uac74 \ub300\ub2e8\ud788 \uc911\uc694\ud558\uba70, \uc774\ud574\ud574\uc8fc\uae30 \ubc14\ub77c\ub294 \uc911\uc694\ud55c \ud0a4 \ud3ec\uc778\ud2b8\ub2e4. \ubbf8\ubd84\ud574\uc11c 0\uc774 \ub418\ub294 \uac83\ub4e4\uc740 \uc6b0\ub9ac \ub9d8\ub300\ub85c \ub354\ud558\uac70\ub098 \ube7c\ub3c4 \ub41c\ub2e4. \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \ub9d8\ub300\ub85c \ud574\ub3c4 \ubb3c\ub9ac\ud559\uc5d0 \ubcc0\ud654\ub97c \uc8fc\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \uc218\ud559\uc801\uc73c\ub85c\ub294 “\ub300\uce6d\uc801\uc774\ub2e4”\ub77c\uace0 \ub9d0\ud55c\ub2e4.
\n
\n \ub9e5\uc2a4\uc6f0 \ubc29\uc815\uc2dd\uc740 \uc6b0\ub9ac \uc0dd\ud65c\uc5d0 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \uc8fc\ub294 \uc804\uc790\uae30 \uc7a5\uce58\ub4e4\uc758 \uae30\ubcf8 \ubc95\uce59\uc744 \uc54c\ub824\uc8fc\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \ubb3c\ub9ac\ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 \uc774 \ubc29\uc815\uc2dd\uc744 \uc5f4\uc2ec\ud788 \ud480\uc5c8\ub294\ub370, \ud480\ub2e4\ubcf4\ub2c8 \ud765\ubbf8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uc131\uc9c8\uc744 \ubc1c\uacac\ud588\ub2e4. \uc0c1\uc218\uac00 \uc544\ub2cc\ub370\ub3c4 \ubd88\uad6c\ud558\uace0 \ubbf8\ubd84\ud558\uba74 0\uc774 \ub418\ub294 \ud56d\ub4e4\uc744 \ubc1c\uacac\ud55c \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uc774\uac74 \uc815\ub9d0 \uc2e0\uae30\ud55c \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \uc774\uac83\uc774 \uac00\ub2a5\ud560\uae4c? \ubc14\ub85c, \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \ud574\uacb0\ud574\uc57c \ud558\ub294 \ub9e5\uc2a4\uc6f0\uc758 \ubbf8\ubd84 \ubc29\uc815\uc2dd\uc774 \uadf8\ub0e5 \ub2e8\uc21c\ud55c \ubc29\uc815\uc2dd\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c 3\ucc28\uc6d0\uc758 \ubca1\ud130\ub97c \ub2e4\ub8e8\uace0 \uc788\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc774\ub2e4. \ubca1\ud130\ub294 3\uac1c\uc758 \ubc29\ud5a5\uc744 \uac00\uc9c4 \uc131\ubd84\uc73c\ub85c \ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\ub2e4. \ub9e5\uc2a4\uc6f0 \ubc29\uc815\uc2dd\uc5d0\ub294 \uc804\uae30\uc7a5\uacfc \uc790\uae30\uc7a5\uc758 x\uc131\ubd84\uc744 y\uc131\ubd84\uacfc z\uc131\ubd84\uc73c\ub85c \ubbf8\ubd84\ud558\ub294 \ud56d\ub4e4\uc774 \uba87\uac1c \ub4e4\uc5b4 \uc788\ub294\ub370, \uc790\uae30\uc7a5\uc758 y\uc131\ubd84\uc744 x\uc131\ubd84\uc73c\ub85c \ubbf8\ubd84\ud55c \uac83\uacfc z\uc131\ubd84\uc744 x\uc131\ubd84\uc73c\ub85c \ubbf8\ubd84\ud55c \uac83\uc774 \uc804\uae30\uc7a5\uc758 x\uc131\ubd84\uc758 \uc2dc\uac04 \ubcc0\ud654\uc728\uacfc \uc704\uce58\uc5d0\ub108\uc9c0\uc758 \ubcc0\ud654\uc728\uc758 x\uc131\ubd84\uc758 \ud569\uacfc \uac19\ub2e4\ub294 \uc2dd\uc774 \uc788\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7fc \uc790\uae30\uc7a5\uc758 y\uc131\ubd84\uc744 x\uc131\ubd84\uc73c\ub85c \ubbf8\ubd84\ud55c \uac83\uc774 0\uc774\uae30\ub9cc \ud558\uba74 \ub418\ub2c8\uae4c y\uc131\ubd84\uc744 y\uc131\ubd84\uc73c\ub85c \ubbf8\ubd84\ud55c\uac74 0\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub354\ub77c\ub3c4 \uc0c1\uad00\uc774 \uc5c6\ub2e4, \ubb50 \uc774\ub7f0\uac83 \ub4f1\ub4f1\uc774 \uac00\ub2a5\ud574\uc9c4 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.(\ub2e8 2\uc904\ub85c \uc124\uba85\ud558\uae34 \ud588\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc2e4\uc81c\ub85c\ub294 \ud6e8~~\uc52c \ubcf5\uc7a1\ud558\ub2e4.) \ub0b4\uac00 \ud558\uace0\uc2f6\uc740 \uc598\uae30\ub294, \uc5ec\uae30\uc11c \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \uc0c1\uc218\uac00 \uc544\ub2cc\ub370\ub3c4 \ubbf8\ubd84\ud574\uc11c 0\uc774 \ub418\ub294 \uac83\ub4e4\uc744 \ub9d8\ub300\ub85c \ub354\ud558\uac70\ub098 \ube7c\ub294 \ubcc0\ud658\uc744 \ub450\uace0\uc11c “\uac8c\uc774\uc9c0 \ubcc0\ud658”\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ubd80\ub978\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \ubb3c\ub860 \uac8c\uc774\uc9c0\ub294 \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \ub9d8\ub300\ub85c \ub354\ud558\uac70\ub098 \ube7c\ub294 \ubc14\ub85c \uadf8\uac83\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\ub9e5\uc2a4\uc6f0\uc758 \ubc29\uc815\uc2dd\uc744 \ub9d0\ub85c \uc4f0\uba74 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

1.\uc804\uae30\uc7a5\uc758 \uc2dc\uac04 \ubcc0\ud654\uc728\uc740 \uc790\uae30\uc7a5\uc758 \uaf2c\uc784 \uc815\ub3c4\uc758 \uacf5\uac04 \ubcc0\ud654\uc728curl\uacfc \uac19\ub2e4.
\n
\n 2.\uc804\uae30\uc7a5\uc758 \uaf2c\uc784 \uc815\ub3c4\uc758 \uacf5\uac04 \ubcc0\ud654\uc728\uc740 \uc790\uae30\uc7a5\uc758 \uc2dc\uac04 \ubcc0\ud654\uc728\uacfc \uac19\ub2e4.
\n
\n 3.\uc804\uae30\uc7a5\uc758 \ubc1c\uc0b0\uc728divergence\uc740 \uc804\ud558\uc758 \ubd84\ud3ec\uc640 \uac19\ub2e4
\n
\n 4.\uc790\uae30\uc7a5\uc758 \ubc1c\uc0b0\uc728divergence\uc740 0\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\ud55c\uac00\uc9c0 \ubb3c\uc5b4\ubcf4\uc790. \uc804\uae30\uc7a5\uacfc \uc804\uae30\uc801 \uc704\uce58 \uc5d0\ub108\uc9c0(\uc804\uc704, volt)\ub294 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uad00\uacc4\uc77c\uae4c? \uc804\uae30\uc7a5\uc740 \ub2e8\uc704 \uc591\uc804\ud558\uac00 \ubc1b\ub294 \ud798\uc758 \ud06c\uae30\ub97c \ub098\ud0c0\ub0b4\ub2c8\uae4c \uc801\ubd84\ud558\uba74 \uc5d0\ub108\uc9c0\uac00 \ub418\uace0 \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \uc804\uc704\ub294 \uc804\uae30\uc7a5\uc758 \uc801\ubd84\uc774\ub2e4. \uc804\uc704\ub294 \uadf8\ub0e5 \uc22b\uc790\ub9cc \uc8fc\uc5b4\uc838 \uc788\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \uc2a4\uce7c\ub77c \ud3ec\ud150\uc15c(scalar potential)\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ubd80\ub978\ub2e4. \ubca1\ud130\uc640 \uc2a4\uce7c\ub77c\uc758 \uad6c\ubd84\uc740 \uace02\ub54c \ubb3c\ub9ac \uc2dc\uac04\uc5d0 \ubc30\uc6b8 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \ubc18\ub300\ub85c, \uc804\uae30\uc7a5\uc740 \uc804\uc704\uc758 \ubbf8\ubd84\uc774\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7fc, \uc790\uae30\uc7a5\uc740? \uc790\uae30\uc7a5\uc740 \ubb54\uac00\uc758 \ubbf8\ubd84\uc774\uba74 \uc548\ub3fc?<\/p>\n

\uc790\uae30\uc7a5\ub3c4 \ubb3c\ub860 \ubb54\uac00\uc758 \ubbf8\ubd84\uc77c \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \ub2f9\uc5f0\ud788 \ubbf8\ubd84\uc774\uaca0\uc9c0 \uc0dd\uac01\ud558\ub294 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4, \ub9de\ucdc4\ub2e4. \ub2f9\uc5f0\ud788 \ubbf8\ubd84\uc774\ub2e4. \uc790\uae30\uc7a5\uc740 \ubca1\ud130\ub97c \ubbf8\ubd84\ud574\uc11c \uc5bb\ub294\ub2e4. \uc989, \uc790\uae30\uc7a5\uc740 \ubca1\ud130 \ud3ec\ud150\uc15c\uc758 \ubbf8\ubd84\uc73c\ub85c \ub098\ud0c0\ub0b8\ub2e4. \ubca1\ud130\ub97c \ubbf8\ubd84\ud558\ub294 \ubc29\ubc95\uc740 \ub450\uac00\uc9c0\uac00 \uc788\ub294\ub370, \ud558\ub098\ub294 \uadf8 \ubc1c\uc0b0divergence\uc744 \uad6c\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774\uace0 \ub2e4\ub978 \ud558\ub098\ub294 \uaf2c\uc784curl\uc744 \uad6c\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc778\ub370, \ubca1\ud130 \ud3ec\ud150\uc15c\uc744 \ubbf8\ubd84\ud574\uc11c \ubca1\ud130\uc778 \uc790\uae30\uc7a5\uc744 \uc5bb\uc73c\ub824\uba74 \ubca1\ud130 \ud3ec\ud150\uc15c\uc758 \uaf2c\uc784\uc744 \uad6c\ud558\uba74 \ub420 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\uc804\uae30\uc7a5\uacfc \uc790\uae30\uc7a5\uc744 \uc2a4\uce7c\ub77c \ud3ec\ud150\uc15c\uacfc \ubca1\ud130 \ud3ec\ud150\uc15c\uc744 \uc774\uc6a9\ud574\uc11c \ud45c\ud604\ud558\uac8c \ub418\uba74 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\ub2e4
\n
\n \uc804\uae30\uc7a5 = \uc2a4\uce7c\ub77c \ud3ec\ud150\uc15c\uc758 \ubc1c\uc0b0 + \ubca1\ud130 \ud3ec\ud150\uc15c\uc758 \uc2dc\uac04 \ubbf8\ubd84
\n
\n \uc790\uae30\uc7a5 = \ubca1\ud130 \ud3ec\ud150\uc15c\uc758 \uaf2c\uc784<\/p>\n

\uc774\ub7ec\uba74 \ubb50\uac00 \ub418\ub0d0\uace0? \uc544\uc8fc \uac04\ub2e8\ud558\uba74\uc11c\ub3c4 \uc720\uba85\ud55c \uc815\ub9ac\uac00 \uc788\ub294\ub370, “\uc5b4\ub5a4 \uc2a4\uce7c\ub77c \ud568\uc218\uc758 \ubb3c\ub9e4gradient\uc758 \uaf2c\uc784\uc740 0\uc774\ub2e4”\ub77c\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uc774\uac74 \ud3b8\ubbf8\ubd84\ub9cc \ubc30\uc6b0\uba74 \uc99d\uba85\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \uc5ec\uae30\uc11c \ub354 \ub2e4\ub8e8\uc9c0\ub294 \uc54a\uaca0\ub2e4. \uc544\ubb34\ud2bc, \uc704\uc5d0 \uc801\uc740 \uc804\uae30\uc7a5\uacfc \uc790\uae30\uc7a5\uc744 \uadf8\ub807\uac8c \ud574\uc11c \ub9e5\uc2a4\uc6f0 \ubc29\uc815\uc2dd\uc5d0 \ub300\uc785\ud558\uba74 \ub531 \ub4e4\uc5b4 \ub9de\ub294\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\uc608\ub97c\ub4e4\uba74<\/p>\n

\uc804\uae30\uc7a5\uc758 \uaf2c\uc784 = \uc2a4\uce7c\ub77c \ud3ec\ud150\uc15c\uc758 \ubc1c\uc0b0\uc758 \uaf2c\uc784 + \ubca1\ud130 \ud3ec\ud150\uc15c\uc758 \uc2dc\uac04 \ubbf8\ubd84\uc758 \uaf2c\uc784 = \ubca1\ud130 \ud3ec\ud150\uc15c\uc758 \uc2dc\uac04 \ubbf8\ubd84\uc758 \uaf2c\uc784 = \ubca1\ud130 \ud3ec\ud150\uc15c\uc758 \uaf2c\uc784\uc758 \uc2dc\uac04 \ubbf8\ubd84 = \uc790\uae30\uc7a5\uc758 \uc2dc\uac04 \ubbf8\ubd84<\/p>\n

\uc544\uc8fc \uac04\ub2e8\ud558\uba74\uc11c\ub3c4 \uc720\uba85\ud55c \uc815\ub9ac\uac00 \ub610 \uc788\ub294\ub370, “\uc5b4\ub5a4 \uc2a4\uce7c\ub77c \ud568\uc218\uc758 \uaf2c\uc784\uc740 \ubc1c\uc0b0\uc774 0\uc774\ub2e4”\ub77c\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.
\n
\n \uadf8\ub7fc, \uc774\uc81c \ubca1\ud130 \ud3ec\ud150\uc15c\uc5d0 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uc2a4\uce7c\ub77c \ud568\uc218\uc758 \ubb3c\ub9e4\ub97c \ub354\ud574\ubcf4\uc790. \uadf8\ub7fc?<\/p>\n

\uc790\uae30\uc7a5(\ubc14\ub010\uac70) = \ubca1\ud130 \ud3ec\ud150\uc15c(\ubc14\ub010\uac70)\uc758 \uaf2c\uc784 = \ubca1\ud130 \ud3ec\ud150\uc15c\uc758 \uaf2c\uc784 + \uc2a4\uce7c\ub77c \ud568\uc218\uc758 \ubb3c\ub9e4\uc758 \uaf2c\uc784 = \ubca1\ud130 \ud3ec\ud150\uc15c\uc758 \uaf2c\uc784 = \uc790\uae30\uc7a5<\/p>\n

\ubca1\ud130 \ud3ec\ud150\uc15c\uc744 \ubc14\uafd4\uc11c \ub123\uc5c8\ub294\ub370 \uc790\uae30\uc7a5\uc774 \ubc14\ub00c\uae30 \uc804\uacfc \ubc14\ub010 \ub2e4\uc74c\uc5d0 \uc544\ubb34\ub7f0 \ucc28\uc774\uac00 \uc5c6\ub2e4. \uc804\uae30\uc7a5\uc5d0\ub294 \uc2a4\uce7c\ub77c \ud3ec\ud150\uc15c\uc744 \ubca1\ud130 \ud3ec\ud150\uc15c\uc5d0 \ub354\ud588\ub358 \ubc14\ub85c \uadf8 \uc2a4\uce7c\ub77c \ud568\uc218\uc758 \uc2dc\uac04 \ubbf8\ubd84\uc744 \ube7c\uc8fc\uac8c \ub418\uba74 \ub9c8\ucc2c\uac00\uc9c0 \uacb0\uacfc\ub97c \uc5bb\uac8c \ub41c\ub2e4.
\n
\n \ubc14\ub85c, \uc5ec\uae30\uc11c \ubca1\ud130 \ud3ec\ud150\uc15c\uacfc \uc2a4\uce7c\ub77c \ud3ec\ud150\uc15c\uc744 “\uc801\ub2f9\ud55c \uc2a4\uce7c\ub77c \ud568\uc218”\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574\uc11c \ub354\ud558\uac8c \ub418\ub294 \uac83\uc774 “\uac8c\uc774\uc9c0 \ubcc0\ud658”\uc774\ub2e4. \uc911\uc694\ud55c\uac74, \uc815\ub9d0\ub85c \uc6b0\ub9ac \ub9d8\ub300\ub85c \uc815\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub798\uc11c, \uac00\ub839 \uc2a4\uce7c\ub77c \ud3ec\ud150\uc15c\uc744 \ubbf8\ubd84\ud574\uc11c \ubca1\ud130 \ud3ec\ud150\uc15c\uc774 \ub098\uc624\ub3c4\ub85d \ud55c \ub2e4\uc74c\uc5d0, \ubca1\ud130 \ud3ec\ud150\uc15c\uacfc \ub354\ud558\uba74 0\uc774 \ub418\ub3c4\ub85d \uc815\ud574\ub3c4 \ubb3c\ub9ac\ud559\uc5d0\ub294 \uc544\ubb34\ub7f0 \ubcc0\ud654\uac00 \uc5c6\ub2e4. (\ubc29\uae08 \uc99d\uba85\ud588\ub4ef\uc774) \uc774\uac83\uc740 \ubb3c\ub9ac\ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c \uac15\ub825\ud55c \ub3c4\uad6c\ub97c \uc8fc\uc5c8\ub294\ub370, \ubc14\ub85c \uadf8\uac83\uc774 “\uac8c\uc774\uc9c0 \uc7a5gauge field”\uc774\ub2e4.
\n
\n \uc804\uc790\uae30\uc7a5\uc744 \uac8c\uc774\uc9c0 \ubcc0\ud658\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574\uc11c \ubcc0\ud558\ub294 \ubd80\ubd84\uacfc \ubcc0\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294 \ubd80\ubd84\uc73c\ub85c \ub098\ub208 \ud6c4, \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \ub9d8\ub300\ub85c \uac8c\uc774\uc9c0 \ubcc0\ud658\uc744 \uacb0\uc815\ud574\ub3c4 \ub418\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \uac00\uc7a5 \ud480\uae30 \uc26c\uc6b4 \uc0c1\ud0dc\ub85c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4 \ub193\uace0\uc11c \ubb38\uc81c\ub97c \ud574\uacb0\ud55c \ud6c4, \ubcc0\ud558\ub294 \ubd80\ubd84\uc740 \ubaa8\ub450 \uc5c6\uc560\ubc84\ub9ac\uba74(\uadf8\ub798\ub3c4 \ub41c\ub2e4. \uc65c\ub0d0\uace0? \uac8c\uc774\uc9c0 \ubcc0\ud658\uc774 \ubcf4\uc7a5\ud574 \uc8fc\ub2c8\uae4c.) \ubb38\uc81c\ub294 \ud574\uacb0\ub41c\ub2e4.
\n
\n \uc804\uc790\uae30\ud559\uc5d0\uc11c \ub098\uc624\ub294 \uac8c\uc774\uc9c0 \uc7a5\uc774 \uac00\uc9c4 \ub300\uce6d\uc131\uc740 U(1)\uc758 \ub300\uce6d\uc131\uc744 \uac16\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. U(1) \ub300\uce6d\uc131\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uac83\uc740 2\ucc28\uc6d0\uc5d0\uc11c \ud06c\uae30\uac00 \ubcc0\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294 \ud68c\uc804\uc5d0 \ud574\ub2f9\ud558\ub294 \ub300\uce6d\uc131\uc774\ub2e4. 2\ucc28\uc6d0\uc5d0\uc11c\uc758 \ud68c\uc804\uc740 \uc21c\uc11c\uc5d0 \uc0c1\uad00\uc774 \uc5c6\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 U(1)\ub300\uce6d\uc131\uc740 \uac00\ud658 \ub367\uc148 \uad70(abelian additive group)\uc5d0 \ud574\ub2f9\ud55c\ub2e4.
\n
\n (\uc608\ub97c\ub4e4\uc5b4, \uc2dc\uacc4\ubc29\ud5a5\uc73c\ub85c 10\ub3c4 \ub3cc\ub9ac\uace0 20\ub3c4 \ub3cc\ub9b0\uac70\ub791, 20\ub3c4 \ub3cc\ub9ac\uace0 10\ub3c4 \ub3cc\ub9b0\uac70\ub791\uc740 \uc544\ubb34\ub7f0 \ucc28\uc774\uac00 \uc5c6\uc774 30\ub3c4\uc774\ub2e4)<\/p>\n

\ubb38\uc81c\ub294 \uc591\uc790\uc5ed\ud559\uc774\ub2e4. \uc804\uc790\uae30\ud559\uc744 \uc591\uc790\ud654\ud574\uc11c \ub9cc\ub4e0 \uc591\uc790 \uc804\uae30 \uc5ed\ud559\uc740 U(1)\uc758 \ub300\uce6d\uc131\uc744 \uac00\uc9c4 \uac8c\uc774\uc9c0 \uc7a5\uc744 \uc774\uc6a9\ud574\uc11c \uc544\uc8fc \uc798 \uae30\uc220\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ud30c\uc778\ub9cc\uc774 \uc790\ub791\ud588\ub4ef\uc774, \uc591\uc790 \uc804\uae30 \uc5ed\ud559\uc740 \uc778\uac04\uc774 \ub9cc\ub4e0 \uc774\ub860\uc911\uc5d0\uc11c \uac00\uc7a5 \uac00\uc7a5 \uac00\uc7a5 \uc815\ud655\ud55c \uc774\ub860\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ub9d0\ud574\ub3c4 \ub41c\ub2e4. \ubb38\uc81c\ub294 \uc5ec\uae30\uc11c \uc57d\ud55c \uc0c1\ud638\uc791\uc6a9\uacfc \uac15\ud55c \uc0c1\ud638\uc791\uc6a9\uc774 \ub4f1\uc7a5\ud558\uba74\uc11c\ubd80\ud130\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\ubb3c\ub9ac\ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uc774 \ucc98\uc74c\uc5d0 \uc57d\ud55c \uc0c1\ud638\uc791\uc6a9\uacfc \uac15\ud55c \uc0c1\ud638\uc791\uc6a9\uc744 \ubc1c\uacac\ud588\uc744 \ub54c, \ubb50 \ub300\ucda9 \ud480\ub9ac\uaca0\uc9c0 \ud558\uace0\uc11c \ub300\ucda9 \ud480\uc5c8\uc744 \ub550 \uc798 \ub9de\uc558\ub2e4. \uc544\uc2f8! \ub300\ucda9 \ud480\uc5b4\uc11c \ub9de\uc558\uc73c\ub2c8\uae4c \uc774\uc81c \uc81c\ub300\ub85c \ud480\uc5b4\uc57c\uc9c0 \uc2f6\uc5b4\uc11c \uc774\ub860\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ubc29\uc815\uc2dd \uc798 \uc4f0\uace0 \ud480\ub824\uace0 \ud558\ub294\ub370, \ubb34\ud55c\ub300\uac00 \ub098\uc624\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uc774 \ubb34\ud55c\ub300\ub294 \ucc38 \ub09c\uac10\ud574\uc11c, \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \ub2e4\ub8f0 \ubc29\ubc95\uc774 \uc5c6\uc5c8\ub2e4.
\n
\n \ubb50, \ubcc4 \uc218 \uc5c6\ub2e4. \ubb34\ud55c\ub300\ub294 \ubb34\ud55c\ub300\ub85c \ub098\ub204\uac70\ub098, \ubb34\ud55c\ub300\ub9cc\ud07c \ube7c\uac70\ub098 \ud574\uc11c \uc720\ud55c\ud558\uac8c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4. \ubb3c\ub9ac\ud559 \uc774\ub860\uc5d0\uc11c \ubb38\uc81c\ub97c \ud480\uc5c8\uc744 \ub54c \ubb34\ud55c\ub300\uac00 \ub098\uc624\uba74 \uadf8\uac74 \uba85\ubc31\ud55c \uc624\ub2f5\uc774\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c\ub4e0 \ub2f5\uc5d0 \ub07c\uc6cc\ub9de\ucd94\ub824\uba74 \uc720\ud55c\ud55c \uac12\uc73c\ub85c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4\uc57c\ub9cc \ud55c\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub798\uc11c \uc720\ud55c\ud558\uac8c \ub9cc\ub4e4 \ubc29\ubc95\uc744 \uc0dd\uac01\ud574 \ub0c8\ub294\ub370, \uadf8\uac83\uc740 \ubc14\ub85c \uac00\ud658\uc774 \uc544\ub2cc \ub300\uce6d\uc131\uc744 \uac00\uc9c4 \uac8c\uc774\uc9c0 \uc7a5\uc744 \ub3c4\uc785\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

U(1)\uc758 \ub300\uce6d\uc131\uc744 \uac00\uc9c0\ub294 \uac8c\uc774\uc9c0 \uc7a5\uc740 \uc774\uc81c\uc640\uc11c \ubc1d\ud788\ub294 \uac83\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc0ac\uc2e4 \ube5b\uc774\ub2e4. \uac00\ud658\uc774 \uc544\ub2cc \ub300\uce6d\uc131\uc740 SU(2)\ub77c\ub294 \ub300\uce6d\uc131\uc774 \uc788\ub294\ub370, \uc774\uac74 3\ucc28\uc6d0\uc5d0\uc11c \ud06c\uae30\uac00 \ubcc0\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294 \ud68c\uc804\uacfc \uac19\ub2e4. SU(2) \ub300\uce6d\uc131\uc744 \uac00\uc9c0\ub294 \uad70\uc740 \uc57d\ud55c \uc0c1\ud638\uc791\uc6a9\uc744 \uc124\uba85\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \ub3c4\uc785\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. SU(2) \ub300\uce6d\uad70\uc744 \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4\ub0b4\ub294 \uc0dd\uc131\uc6d0(generator)\ub294 3\uac1c\uac00 \uc788\ub294\ub370, \uc774 3\uac1c\uc758 \uc0dd\uc131\uc6d0\uc740 \ubb3c\ub9ac\uc801\uc73c\ub85c 3\uac1c\uc758 \uc785\uc790\uc778 W+, W-, Z \uc785\uc790\uc5d0 \ub300\uc751\ub41c\ub2e4. (\ubb3c\ub860 \uc774 \uc138 \uc785\uc790\ub294 “\uc9c4\uc9dc\ub85c” \ubc1c\uacac\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc218\ud559\uc801 \ub300\uc0c1\uc774 \ubb3c\ub9ac\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ub208\uc5d0 \ubcf4\uc778, \ubb50 \uadf8\ub7f0 \uc608\ub77c\uace0\ub098 \ud560\uae4c)<\/p>\n

SU(3) \ub300\uce6d\uad70\uc740 8\ucc28\uc6d0\uc5d0\uc11c \ud06c\uae30\uac00 \ubcc0\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294 \ud68c\uc804\uacfc \uac19\uace0, \ubb3c\ub860 \uc0dd\uc131\uc6d0\uc740 8\uac1c\uac00 \uc788\ub2e4. \uac15\ud55c \uc0c1\ud638\uc791\uc6a9\uc744 \uc124\uba85\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \ub3c4\uc785\ub418\uc5c8\uace0 8\uac1c\uc758 \uc0dd\uc131\uc6d0\uc740 8\uac1c\uc758 \uae00\ub8e8\uc628Gluon\uc5d0 \ub300\uc751\ub41c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\uc774 \uae00\uc744 \uc774\ud574\ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud558\ub354\ub77c\ub3c4 \ub2f9\uc2e0\uc758 \uc9c0\uc801 \ub2a5\ub825\uc5d0\ub294 \uc544\ubb34\ub7f0 \ud558\uc790\uac00 \uc5c6\uc74c\uc744 \ub0b4\uac00 \ubcf4\uc99d\ud55c\ub2e4. \uc774\uac74 \uc0ac\uc2e4 \ub098\ub3c4 \uc804\ubd80 \uc774\ud574\ud558\uc9c0\ub294 \ubabb\ud588\uc73c\uba70 \uc544\uc9c1\ub3c4 \uacf5\ubd80\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \ubb3c\ub860 \ub098 \ub9d0\uace0\ub294 \uc774\ud574\ud55c \uc0ac\ub78c\uc774 \uc544\uc8fc \ub9ce\uc774 \uc788\ub2e4. (\uc548\uadf8\ub7ec\uba74 \ub0b4\uac00 \uadf8\ub7f0 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \ubb3c\uc5b4\ubcf4\uaca0\ub294\uac00)<\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n\"\uc2e0\uace0\"
\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\uc774\ubc88\uc5d4 \uac8c\uc774\uc9c0 \uc774\ub860\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c \uac04\ub7b5\ud55c \uc124\uba85\uc744 \uc801\uc5b4 \ubcf4\ub824\uace0 \ud55c\ub2e4. \uac8c\uc774\uc9c0Gauge\ub77c\ub294 \ub2e8\uc5b4\ub294 \ubb54\uac00 \uce21\uc815\uc744 \ud558\ub294 \ub3c4\uad6c\ub97c \ub9d0\ud558\ub294\ub370, \ubb3c\ub9ac\ud559\uc5d0\uc11c \ub9d0\ud558\ub294 \uac8c\uc774\uc9c0 \uc774\ub860(Gauge theory)\ub780 \uc804\ud600 \ub2e4\ub978 \ud5db\uc18c\ub9ac\ub97c \uc598\uae30\ud55c\ub2e4. \uc644\uc804 \ub2e4\ub974\ub2e4. \uc2ec\uc9c0\uc5b4 \ubb58 \uce21\uc815\ud558\uc9c0\ub3c4 \uc54a\uc73c\uba70 \uc22b\uc790\ub3c4 \uc544\ub2c8\uace0 \uce21\uc815\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uac83\ub3c4 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774 \uc774\uc57c\uae30\ub294 \uac8c\uc774\uc9c0 \ubcc0\ud658 Gauge Transformation\uc5d0\uc11c\ubd80\ud130 \uc2dc\uc791\ud55c\ub2e4… \uc804\uc790\uae30\ud559\uc744 \ucc98\uc74c\uc5d0 \uc2dc\uc791\ud560 \ub54c, \ub9e5\uc2a4\uc6f0\uc740 4\uac1c\uc758 \ubc29\uc815\uc2dd\uc744 \uc801\uc5b4\ub193\uace0\uc11c \uadf8\uac78 “\ub9e5\uc2a4\uc6f0 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7260","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-academic"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p8o6gA-1T6","jetpack-related-posts":[],"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/melotopia.net\/b\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7260","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/melotopia.net\/b\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/melotopia.net\/b\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/melotopia.net\/b\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/melotopia.net\/b\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=7260"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/melotopia.net\/b\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7260\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/melotopia.net\/b\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=7260"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/melotopia.net\/b\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=7260"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/melotopia.net\/b\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=7260"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}